Sep 25, · This systematic literature review aims to develop a conceptual framework that identifies policies and programs that have provided a favorable environment for generating and harnessing a demographic blogger.com: Carolina Cardona, Jean Christophe Rusatira, Xiaomeng Cheng, Claire Silberg, Ian Salas, Qingfeng Li If you are worried that you won’t be able Dividend Literature Review to find a cheap essay writing service capable of dealing with your academic papers, we are here to prove you wrong. Due to the impeccable automation, we have reached through almost a decade, we manage to keep an impressive balance between the top-notch quality custom essays and a cheap Dividend Literature Review /10() Dec 06, · Thereafter most literature on dividend payouts have taken root from the standpoint of imperfect capital blogger.com generational “bird in hand view” (Gordon (), Lintner () came as a counterview to the Modigliani and Miller () theory that investors are indifferent as to whether their returns arise from dividends or capital gains
Literature Review On Dividend Policy - Words | Bartleby
Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn Dividend literature review. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD,USA. All data underlying the results are available as part of the article and no additional source data are required. Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero "No rights reserved" data waiver CC0 1.
Background: Africa will double its population by and more than half will be below age The continent has a unique opportunity to boost its socioeconomic welfare, dividend literature review.
This systematic literature review aims to develop a conceptual framework that identifies policies and programs that have provided a favorable environment for generating and harnessing a demographic dividend.
Methods: The search strategy was structured around three concepts: economic development, fertility, and sub-Saharan Africa. Databases used included PubMed and EconLit. An inductive approach was employed to expand the reference base further.
Data were extracted using literature records following a checklist of items to include when reporting a systematic review suggested in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses PRISMA Statement.
Results: The final review consisted of 78 peer-reviewed articles, ten reports from the gray literature, and one book. Data were categorized according to relevant demographic dividend typology: pre-dividend and early-dividend. The results from the literature review were synthesized into a framework consisting of five sectors for pre-dividend countries, namely 1 Governance and Economic Institutions, 2 Family Planning, 3 Maternal and Child Health, 4 Education, and 5 Women's Empowerment.
An additional sector, 6 Labor Market, dividend literature review, is added for early-dividend countries. These sectors must work together to attain a demographic dividend. Conclusions: A country's demographic transition stage must guide policy and programs. Creating a favorable policy environment for generating and capitalizing on a demographic dividend can support their stated dividend literature review for development.
Population projections estimate that Africa will double its current population byand that the population below age 25 will account for more than half WPP, Bloom identified that a persistent decline in fertility rates, dividend literature review, followed by changes in the population age structure, were a common factor among Asian countries. As such, the demographic dividend is the result of changes in the population age structure that occur from declines in both child mortality and fertility during the third stage of the demographic transition period.
This dividend literature review is characterized by a rapidly growing population with declining birth rates and low death rates, which increases the number of working-age individuals compared to the number of youth dependents Notestein, This large working-age cohort has the potential to boost the economy and improve living standards if a favorable policy environment is established.
Thus, a demographic dividend presents countries the opportunity to accelerate economic growth and achieve sustainable development and social change. The first stage of the demographic transition is characterized by high fertility and infant mortality rates. In the second stage, mortality decreases, which causes a decline in fertility in the third stage. Both fertility and mortality are low in the fourth stage Reher, In SSA, fertility levels began to decline in dividend literature review mids from an average of 6.
Most nations will continue to experience a decline in fertility and an increase dividend literature review the working-age population over the coming decades. These countries have the unique opportunity to grow their economies and capitalize on the benefits of the demographic dividend as a result of changes in population dynamics. Evidence has shown that countries need to approach the demographic dividend as an interrelated system in which multiple sectors work together to create a favorable policy environment.
Dividend literature review have been multiple efforts to develop a demographic dividend framework to identify the areas dividend literature review make a favorable policy environment. The African Union developed a roadmap that identifies labor, education, health, governance, and youth empowerment as fundamental pillars of the demographic dividend African Union Commission, a. Population Reference Bureau PRB developed a toolkit framework to improve the understanding of the demographic dividend PRB, Health, education, dividend literature review, economics, and governance were the four necessary areas identified by PRB to realize the dividend for sub-Saharan African countries.
A more recent assessment by the World Bank identified evidence-based policies and programs that can catalyze the demographic transition in the Sahel region Shekar et al. The World Bank review categorized policies and programs into three-time horizons. In the short-term, countries should catalyze the fertility transition; the medium-term period should focus on ensuring that girls are educated, and that women are empowered; and the long-term period is characterized by job creation and greater attention to pensions and savings.
Similar efforts have been placed on developing forecasting tools to quantify the potential economic gains from a demographic dividend. This tool was developed by the Health Policy Project HPP. LINKAGE is a multi-sectoral, multi-country and multi-agent dynamic recursive Computable General Equilibrium CGE model developed by the World Bank van der Mensbrugghe, These efforts have allowed the policy community to focus on designing strategies that can harness the benefits of a demographic dividend.
Despite the evidence-based utility of these strategies and tools, to-date, there have been no systematic reviews to identify the elements that constitute a favorable policy environment to generate and harness a demographic dividend for African countries. Moreover, dividend literature review, the suggested policies and programs are not differentiated by demographic transition stage.
This systematic review aims to establish a conceptual dividend literature review to identify and critically appraise a set of policies and programs that have allowed high fertility countries to generate and attain a demographic dividend. A systematic literature review was used to identify relevant scientific research and gray literature that identify a set of components that may enable a conducive policy environment to cultivate and harness the benefits of a demographic dividend.
Our search strategy was based on an iterative approach consisting of both inductive and deductive methods. We developed search terms that were applied to two databases for the deductive approach.
For the inductive approach, we identified a set of landmark papers to trace the studies that were most cited, dividend literature review. Ethical approval was not required for this study. All articles are publicly available, and no primary data was gathered nor generated in this study. Using a deductive dividend literature review approach, peer-reviewed articles which assess the components that enable a favorable policy environment to harness the dividend literature review of a demographic dividend were identified from PubMed and EconLit, dividend literature review.
Table 1 presents the search strategy employed for PubMed; a similar approach was followed for EconLit. The search was structured around three concepts, Economic Development, Fertility, and Sub-Saharan Africa.
For the replicable search, dividend literature review, we used the terms "economic growth" or "economic development" with the following combinations: "high fertility", "fertility reduction", "fertility decline", "demographic dividend", and "Sub-Saharan Africa".
The literature search returned articles from PubMed and articles from EconLit. The search was then restricted to only include literature published in English in the last ten years, without any country restrictions, dividend literature review.
All articles were screened independently based on title and abstract examination. Disagreements in relevancy of content were solved jointly, dividend literature review.
Given that the search on EconLit was performed a year after the PubMed search, we conducted a second screening on EconLit articles based on the relevance for early and pre-dividend countries and on dividend literature review "new" contribution of the articles not seen in PubMed. Table A-1 see Extended data ; Cardona et al. Following the identification of research articles from PubMed and EconLit, dividend literature review, an inductive approach consisting of a "snowball search" was employed to expand the reference base further.
Reference lists were dividend literature review to identify a set of landmark papers in the demographic dividend literature that were not listed in neither the PubMed nor EconLit results. This list is shown in Table A-2 see Extended data. Additionally, reports and articles from gray literature sources such as the World Bank, the United Nations Population Fund UNFPAand the African Union, were downloaded and reviewed.
Data were extracted using literature records following the checklist of items to include when reporting a systematic review, as suggested in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses PRISMA Statement Moher et al. The items included in the records were title, dividend literature review, abstract, introduction rationale and objectivesmethods information sources, data collection process, data items, analytical approachresults, remarks and future research, and relevance to policy.
Records were developed independently by each reviewer. Extracted data were color-coded into three categories—when possible, dividend literature review.
The three categories were: i measurement; ii policy interventions; and iii key messages. Tables A-3 to A-6 see Extended data ; Cardona et al, dividend literature review.
To address potential reviewer bias, the summaries presented in the Extended data Cardona et al. These summaries were developed in parallel while the other reviewers were developing the framework.
Data from the literature records were used to develop the DD framework. We analyzed the color-coded categories to identify key concepts and trends between them to inform final conclusions on the main sectors and their components of the framework.
For example, concepts such as fertility, contraception, contraceptive methods, family planning, pregnancy postponement, were classified into the family planning sector. The final sectors identified in the framework were jointly decided by both the data extraction team and the independent reviewer that developed dividend literature review summaries presented in the Extended data Cardona et al.
The PRISMA Statement dividend literature review the reporting of dividend literature review from the systematic review Moher et al. Figure 1 presents the flow of information through the different phases of the review. The initial search resulted in articles from PubMed and articles from EconLit. Language and time restrictions narrowed the search to 34 articles on PubMed and articles on EconLit.
In the eligibility phase, 23 papers from PubMed were found relevant to the association between fertility transition and socioeconomic growth and were included in the review. Of the articles screened from EconLit, 46 papers were considered relevant to the demographic dividend literature in the first screening.
In the second screening, 15 articles were removed, resulting in a sample of 30 articles relevant for countries with high fertility and positive projections of the working-age population.
The inductive approach resulted in the identification of 25 articles, dividend literature review. The final review consisted of 78 peer-reviewed articles, ten reports from the gray literature, and one book. We developed a framework that identifies the main sectors needed to create a favorable policy environment to harness the benefits of dividend literature review demographic dividend. The World Bank identifies four demographic dividend typologies based on demographic characteristics, similar to the demographic transition, and future development potential Ahmed et al.
Low- and lower-middle-income countries with high fertility are characterized as pre- and early-dividend countries, while upper-middle and high-income countries make the late- and post-dividend typology. All sub-Saharan African countries are either in the pre-dividend or early-dividend typology WBG, A country is classified to be in a pre-dividend typology when the working-age population is projected to grow within the next 15 years, and when the total fertility rate is above four.
Early-dividend countries follow a similar definition, except they have a total fertility rate below four. The framework is organized into two stages, dividend literature review, based on the demographic dividend typology, see Figure 2.
The horizontal axis of the framework represents the stages of how dividend literature review transition from high fertility to lower fertility levels. Governance and Economic Institutions is a core sector for all countries, regardless of their demographic dividend typology, which is dividend literature review it is located at the far left and is the origin of the arrows that go into the other sectors.
The first stage highlights key strategic sectors that pre-dividend countries should prioritize to harness the benefits of a demographic dividend. These sectors are Family Planning, dividend literature review, Maternal and Child Health, dividend literature review, Education, and Women's Empowerment.
In addition to these four sectors, the second stage of the framework adds the Labor Market.
Why Investors Love Dividends (And Why They Can Be Dangerous)
, time: 8:28
Literature review This section on literature review is focussed on various models and theories that are relevant to our study. Irrelevance of dividend policy Since investors do not need dividends to convert share value to cash, dividend policy will have no impact on the value of the firm, this is because investors can create cash by using homemade dividends Sep 25, · This systematic literature review aims to develop a conceptual framework that identifies policies and programs that have provided a favorable environment for generating and harnessing a demographic blogger.com: Carolina Cardona, Jean Christophe Rusatira, Xiaomeng Cheng, Claire Silberg, Ian Salas, Qingfeng Li You are eager Dividend Literature Review to learn Dividend Literature Review from a professional to become seasoned in academic writing. You want an expert evaluation of your ideas and writings. You have more important things and affairs on the agenda. You aren’t afraid to Dividend Literature Review score better grades/10()
No comments:
Post a Comment