Research Paper: "The Question of DNA" - Sample Essay for Better Understanding. Samples Deoxyribonucleic acid is present in all organisms. Whether it is mammal, bird or bacteria DNA is responsible for a functioning organism DNA and Genetic Engineering Research Paper. This sample DNA and genetic engineering research paper features: words (approx. 33 pages), an outline, and a bibliography with 23 sources. Browse other research paper examples for more inspiration Sep 18, · Figure 1: DNA Replication Process. Unwinding of DNA at the origin and synthesis of new strands. results in replication forks growing bidir ectional from the origin. A. number of proteins are Estimated Reading Time: 5 mins
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This sample DNA and genetic engineering research paper features: words approx. Browse other research paper examples for more inspiration. If you need a thorough research paper written according to all the academic standards, you can always turn to our experienced writers for help. This is how your paper can dna research papers an A! Feel free to contact our writing service for professional assistance. We offer high-quality assignments for reasonable rates. Anthropology has studied humankind in numerous capacities: morphologically, culturally, archaeologically, dna research papers, and philosophically.
However, the knowledge gained by understanding the DNA molecule has increased our knowledge of humankind on a genetic and molecular level. In addition, with the completion of the Human Genome Project inthe entire dna research papers genome has been sequenced and is now available for analysis. This is important to anthropologists because it allows the field to go beyond the bones and into the DNA. Genetic engineering may provide scientific ways to explore the chemical record provided by DNA.
Anthropologists will be able to view and explore the past, the present, and conceivably the future of any species, including our own, dna research papers, by the scientific examination of DNA. In addition, understanding DNA and genetic engineering will potentially provide anthropologists with analytical data to explain our genetic relationship to other primates.
This type of data will serve to strengthen and further clarify earlier DNA homology studies that have already provided empirical evidence of our close genetic relationships to chimpanzees and gorillas. In the future, this technology can be used to determine our genetic relationship to Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons. This chemical record will allow examination because DNA is present in every cell in the body and is universal to all life-forms on this planet.
All current conglomerations of DNA in dna research papers living species are a result of genetic variation and natural selection within populations throughout ongoing organic evolution. The two terms biotechnology and genetic engineering are used somewhat synonymously. However, the two have different origins and initially they had slightly different dna research papers. Biotechnology, by conventional definitions, is the intentional alteration of other living things i.
This has been done throughout the history of our species, dna research papers. Examples of early biotechnology include breeding animals that have desirable characteristics in order to increase the chances of producing offspring with those characteristics. It was noted even as far back as ancient times that if a fast male horse was bred with a fast female horse, most of the offspring would be fast.
Another example of dna research papers biotechnology would be the intentional pollination of specific crops that are more disease resistant and yield better fruition, while purposely dna research papers pollinating other crops lacking those desired characteristics.
Historically this method of biotechnology was limited to controlling what type of particular male specimen bred with a particular female specimen in an attempt to procure favorable genetic characteristics in the resulting offspring. In many ways, these practices were an early form of eugenics. In contrast to biotechnology, the process of genetic engineering denotes the intentional alteration of the actual DNA by using applications dna research papers new scientific technology that make changes at a molecular level.
This means that a change is made in the actual genetic constitution of a cell by introducing, modifying, or eliminating specific genes by applying modern molecular-biologic techniques. Another distinction is that biotechnology has traditionally been applied to agriculture for improving food products and livestock, whereas dna research papers engineering has more applications in medicine and anthropology.
However, modern biotechnology has integrated genetic-engineering techniques as opposed to just utilizing breeding strategies to achieve those improvements. Due to the fact that biotechnology currently applies genetic-engineering techniques, the two terms are now frequently used interchangeably.
An alternative way to view the effects that biotechnology and genetic engineering could have on a modern population requires the natural manipulation of individuals through human intervention using eugenics and euthenics or proliferagenics.
The desired or beneficial genetic results can now be accelerated with genetic engineering. From a historical perspective, humankind long ago began to alter the process of natural selection of animals and plants to yield beneficial results, dna research papers. Now, with the advent of genetic engineering, humankind has the ability to accelerate that process even more.
In fact, one can speculate that humankind may eventually possess control over its own evolution, dna research papers. The possibility that humankind may have direct control over its own evolution, by using genetic engineering and DNA nanotechnology, is known as emerging teleology.
Emerging teleology is the theory that scientists can direct evolution by using genetic engineering and DNA nanotechnology—a technique that uses molecular recognition to create self-assembling branched DNA complexes, which in turn yields the engineering of functional systems at a molecular level.
This concept of emerging teleology was first proposed by philosopher and anthropologist H. James Birx in In conclusion, we have to ask ourselves, what is genetic engineering expected to accomplish for humankind?
Or what has genetic engineering accomplished for humankind already? As mentioned earlier, understanding DNA can potentially help anthropologists to better understand the genetic relationships among species. Currently, several genetic-engineering techniques are already in use, dna research papers. Modern genetic-engineering applications include the use of genetically modified cells dna research papers microorganisms that can accomplish three major benefits:.
Although these three major benefits offer the potential to help millions of people—and already have—controversy will ultimately arise over the direct, nonmedical application of genetic engineering to enhance normal physiological functions in humans. Genomics is the study of the genetic makeup of a species. Genome projects of several microorganisms have been completed including many viral and bacterial genomes e.
In addition, the Mouse Genome Dna research papers was completed in and the Human Genome Project was completed in Currently, other primate genome projects are underway, including the Chimpanzee Genome Project and the Neanderthal Genome Project.
In order to understand and conceptualize how understanding the DNA molecule and genetic engineering will impact many areas, including medicine and anthropology, one needs to first appreciate the history leading up to this marvelous technology.
In addition, we need to stop and think about how the DNA molecule was discovered and what new technology enabled humankind to accomplish that important discovery. Finally, dna research papers, we need to be aware of the ideas that were proposed to be responsible for the phenomenon of inheritance before the discovery of the DNA molecule.
Before the DNA molecule was discovered, there were only ideas and theories about heredity and inheritance.
These gemmules were believed to be able to collect in the reproductive organs periodically before fertilization and reproduction. Pangenesis was found in Greek writings in the 5th century BCE and was advocated and in some ways espoused by Hippocrates — BCE.
This idea was accepted by fellow Greek thinkers Plato — BCE dna research papers Aristotle — BCE, dna research papers. However, Aristotle later attempted to refute pangenesis with his idea of entelechy.
Aristotle also believed that this vital force was possessed by males in their semen and that females merely possessed the raw material to be formed. Pangenesis and entelechy were both prevalent and accepted as facts throughout the Middle Ages by great thinkers such as Albertus Magnus —his student Thomas Aquinas —and Roger Bacon — He was close. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck — proposed a theory that he called inheritance of acquired characters through use and disuse.
According to Lamarck, this modification was impressed on the parent form and then transmitted to the offspring, who would, as a result of this process, express this modification as a permanent characteristic that could be altered subsequently through use or disuse. The acceptance of pangenesis and gemmules appeared as a provisional hypothesis by Charles Darwin — in his publication On the Origin of Speciesand later again in The Dna research papers of Animals and Plants Under Domestication Thus, before any scientific explanation could account for the phenomenon of inheritance or evolutionthere were several unfounded ideas that were accepted.
These ideas were mainly pangenesis, gemmules, and entelechy. Later theories such as the use and disuse of acquired characteristics were proposed and gained some popularity, but no theoretical model existed that could scientifically or mathematically account for how characteristics were inherited.
Inhe began conducting experiments using pea plants, Pisum sativum. He bred particular plants together and then he meticulously recorded the characteristics of the resulting offspring. Dna research papers character possessed different traits; for dna research papers, height was measured as tall, normal, or short; and color was measured as white, dna research papers, pink, or red.
Therefore, traits were different varieties of phenotype i, dna research papers. In general, the first law, which was the Mendelian law of segregation of genetic factorswas hypothesized by Mendel to mean that each trait e, dna research papers.
Although two alleles are inherited, only one of the alleles was expressed, dna research papers, and therefore, according to Mendel, they were segregated. Today it is known that gametes are sperm and egg cells, which combine their genetic material during fertilization.
Mendel did not know the underlying biological process in cell replication and division at that time. However, it is now known that during the cell cycle, the DNA replicates itself and divides, yielding two identical cells, each with two sets of chromosomes, known as diploids. This process is known as mitosis. In addition, a specialized version of mitosis takes place with the production of the gametes, in which dna research papers gametes, known as haploids, have one set of chromosomes each.
This process is known as meiosis. When the two separate gametes or haploids are joined during fertilization—one from the mother and one from the father—to form a zygote, the alleles i. During the course of his experiments, Mendel found that each allele was either dominant or recessive for a specific trait.
He elaborated that there were three possibilities. First, if the two alleles were both dominant, then the trait inherited was considered to be homozygous dominant AA. Second, if the two alleles were both recessive, then the inherited trait was dna research papers to be homozygous recessive aa, dna research papers.
Third, if the two alleles were different, dna research papers dominant and one recessive, then the inherited trait was considered to be heterozygous Aaor a hybrid, dna research papers. The homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, and heterozygous combinations could be crossbred and those results could be used to mathematically predict the probability of what type of offspring would result, dna research papers.
The Punnett square was devised by British geneticist Reginald Punnett —who published the first textbook on dna research papers, Mendelism He used these Punnett squares to predict the mathematical probability of the outcome of a particular breeding experiment. The results dna research papers the Punnett square could be used to predict the probability of possible genotypes of the offspring in a particular cohort given the genotype of the maternal allele and the makeup of the paternal allele.
He justified this with his concept that alleles segregate during gamete formation and then recombine independently of one another. He was incorrect in this assumption.
It is now known that there is a multigene interaction and what is known as the blending of inherited traits, dna research papers. In addition, dna research papers, the characteristics that he was measuring were not complicated.
This is the reason why Mendel and others at his time could only study what was being expressed genetically. They did not understand or appreciate the genetic material itself. In Example 1, dna research papers, a trait that is homozygous dominant YY is crossed with a trait that is homozygous recessive yy.
In Example 2, two hybrid traits are crossed, dna research papers. This is a classical and simplified example of Punnett squares. In addition to the two laws that Mendel devised, there are three other elements that made his work significant.
Life in the Lab: A DNA sequencing pipeline
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The official journal of Kazusa DNA Research Institute. Publishes high quality papers on structures and function of genes and genomes May 20, · DNA Research Paper. DNA is a nucleic acid that is basis of genetic information. It is like a set of instructions for our bodies and genetic codes. DNA has many different components that make it up such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and blogger.comted Reading Time: 3 mins Sep 18, · Figure 1: DNA Replication Process. Unwinding of DNA at the origin and synthesis of new strands. results in replication forks growing bidir ectional from the origin. A. number of proteins are Estimated Reading Time: 5 mins
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