Sep 07, · Nationalism was a prominent force in early 20th century Europe and a significant cause of World War I. Nationalism is an intense form of patriotism or loyalty to one’s country. Nationalists exaggerate the importance or virtues of their home country, placing The ' home front ' covers the activities of the civilians in a nation at war. World War II was a total war; homeland production became even more invaluable to both the Allied and Axis blogger.com on the home front during World War II was a significant part of the war effort for all participants and had a major impact on the outcome of the war The Holocaust occurred in the broader context of World War II. World War II was the largest and most destructive conflict in history. Adolf Hitler and the Nazi regime envisioned a vast, new empire of "living space" (Lebensraum) for Germans in eastern Europe by the removal of existing blogger.com Nazi goal to strengthen the German “master race” resulted in the persecution and murder of
Home front during World War II - Wikipedia
The ' home world war 1 essay topics ' covers the activities of the civilians in a nation at war. World War II was a total war ; homeland production became even more invaluable to both the Allied and Axis powers.
Life on the home front during World War II was a significant part of the war effort for all participants and had a major impact on the outcome of the war. Governments became involved with new issues such as rationing, manpower allocation, home defense, evacuation in the face of air raids, and response to occupation by an enemy power.
The morale and psychology of the people responded to leadership and propaganda. Typically women were mobilized to an unprecedented degree. All of the powers used lessons from world war 1 essay topics experiences on the home front during World War I. Their success in mobilizing economic output was a major factor in supporting combat operations, world war 1 essay topics.
Among morale-boosting activities that also benefited combat efforts, the home front engaged in a variety of scrap drives for materials crucial to the war effort such as metal, rubber, and rags.
Such drives helped strengthen civilian morale and support for the war effort. Each country tried to suppress rumors, world war 1 essay topics, which world war 1 essay topics were negative or defeatist.
The major powers devoted 50—61 percent of their total GDP to munitions production. The Allies produced about three times as much in munitions as the Axis powers. The Allies called themselves the " United Nations " even before that organization formed inand pledged their support to the Atlantic Charter of The Charter stated the ideal goals of the war: no territorial aggrandizement; no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people; restoration of self-government to those deprived of it; free access to raw materials; reduction of trade restrictions; global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for all; freedom from fear and want; freedom of the seas; and abandonment of the use of force, as well as the disarmament of aggressor nations.
The sudden German invasion of neutral Belgium in May led in a matter of 18 days to the collapse of the Belgian army; King Leopold obtained an armistice that involved direct German military administration. World war 1 essay topics King refused the government's demand that he flee with them to Britain; he remained as a puppet ruler under German control. The Belgian bureaucracy remained in place and generally cooperated with the German rulers.
Two pro-German movements, the Flemish National Union comprising Flemish Dutch-speaking separatists and the Walloon French-speaking Rexists led by Léon Degrelle —94supported the invaders and encouraged their young men to volunteer for the German army. During the Holocaust in Belgiumthe Nazis hunted down the 70, Jews living in Belgium, most of them refugees, and killed 29, of them.
The Germans expected to exploit Belgium's industrial resources to support their war machine. Their world war 1 essay topics created severe shortages for the Belgian people, but shipped out far less than Germany had expected. They set up the "Armaments Inspection Board" in to relay munitions orders to factories; the Board came under the control of the German Minister of Armaments, Albert Speer inand had offices in industrial areas that were supposed to facilitate orders for materiél, and supervise production.
However, factory production fell sharply after Although collaboration with the Nazis, especially among the Flemish, was evident init soon faded in importance. Labor strikes and systematic sabotage slowed production, as did the emigration of workers to rural areas, Allied bombing, food shortages, and worker resentment of forced labor.
The Allies retook all of Belgium in September as the Germans retreated. They reappeared briefly during the hard fighting of the Battle of the Bulge in Decemberbut were finally expelled in January China suffered the second highest number of casualties of the entire war. Civilians in the occupied territories had to endure many large-scale massacres, including that in NanjingJiangsu and PingdingshanLiaoning [ citation needed ].
In a few areas, the Japanese army also unleashed newly developed biological weapons on Chinese civilians, leading to an estimateddead. Millions more Chinese died because of famine during the war.
At the end of the war Japan was bombed with two atomic bombs and surrendered. Japan had captured major coastal cities like Shanghai early in the war, cutting the rest of China off from its chief sources of finance and industry. Millions of Chinese moved to remote western regions to avoid invasion.
Cities like Kunming ballooned with new arrivals. Entire factories and universities were relocated to safe areas so society could still function. Japan replied with hundreds of air raids on the new capital, world war 1 essay topics, Chongqing. Although China received much aid from the United States, China did not have sufficient infrastructure to properly arm or even feed its military forces, let alone its civilians.
China was divided into three zones, with the Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek Chiang or Jiang the southwest and the Communists led by Mao Zedong Mao in control of much of the northwest. Coastal areas were occupied by the Japanese, and civilians were treated harshly [ citation needed ] ; some young men were drafted into the puppet Chinese army.
After the stunningly quick defeat in JuneFrance was knocked out of world war 1 essay topics war; part of it, with its capital in Vichybecame an informal ally of the Germans. A powerful Resistance movement sprang up, as the Germans fortified the coast against an Allied invasion and occupied the northern half of the country.
The Vichy French government cooperated closely with the Germans, sending food, machinery and workers to Germany. Several hundred thousand Frenchmen and women were forced to work in German factories, or volunteered to do so, as the French economy itself deteriorated. Nevertheless, world war 1 essay topics, there was a strong Resistance movement, with fierce anti-resistance activities carried out by the Nazis and the French police. Most Jews were rounded up by the Vichy police and handed over to the Germans, who sent them to death camps.
The two million French soldiers held as POWs and forced laborers in Germany throughout the war were not at risk of death in combat, but the anxieties of separation for theirwives were high. The government provided a modest allowance, but one in ten became prostitutes to support their families.
Women suffered shortages of all varieties of consumer goods and the absence of the men in POW camps. Supply problems quickly affected French stores, which lacked most items. The government responded by rationing, but German officials set the policies and hunger prevailed, especially affecting young people in urban areas, world war 1 essay topics.
In shops, the queues lengthened. Some people—including German soldiers who could take advantage of arbitrary exchange rates that favored Germany—benefited from the black marketwhere food was sold without coupons at very high prices.
Farmers diverted meat to the black market, so there was much less for the open market. Counterfeit food coupons were also in circulation. Direct buying from farmers in the countryside and barter against cigarettes became common. These activities were strictly forbidden, and carried the risk of confiscation and fines. Food shortages were most acute in the large cities.
Vitamin deficiencies and malnutrition were prevalent. Advice about eating a healthier diet and home growing produce was distributed. Slogans like "Digging for Victory" and "Make Do and Mend" appeared on national posters and became a part of the war effort.
The city environment made these efforts nearly negligible. The official ration provided starvation-level diets of 1, or fewer calories a day kJsupplemented by home gardens and, especially, black market purchases, world war 1 essay topics.
The Dutch famine ofknown as the Hongerwinter "Hunger winter" was a man-made famine imposed by Germany in the occupied western provinces during the winter of — A German blockade cut off food and fuel shipments from farm areas. A total of 4. The Nazi Hunger Plan world war 1 essay topics to kill the Jews of Poland quickly, and slowly to force the Poles to leave by threat of starvation, so that they could be replaced by German settlers.
The Nazis coerced Poles to work in Germany by providing favorable food rations for families who had members working in the Reich. The ethnic German population in Poland Volksdeutsche were given good rations and were allowed to shop for food in special stores.
The German occupiers created a draconian system of food controls, including severe penalties for the omnipresent black market. There was a sharp increase in mortality due to the general malnutrition, and a decline in birth rates.
By midthe German minority in Poland received 2, calories 11, kJ per day, while Poles received and Jews in the ghetto Only the ration allocated to Germans provided the full required calorie intake. Distribution of food in Nazi occupied Poland as of December [24].
Additionally the Generalplan Ost of the Nazis, which envisioned the elimination of the Slavic population in the occupied territories and artificial famines-as proposed in the Hunger Planworld war 1 essay topics to be used. On September 1,Germany invaded Poland, world war 1 essay topics, conquering it in three weeks, world war 1 essay topics, as the Soviets invaded the eastern areas.
During the German occupation, there were two distinct civilian uprisings in Warsaw, one inthe other in The first took place in a zone less than two square miles 5 km 2 in area, which the Germans had carved out of the city and called Ghetto Warschau. The Germans built high walls around the ghetto, and crowdedPolish Jews into it, many from the Polish provinces.
At first, people were allowed to enter and leave the ghetto, but soon its border became an "iron curtain". Unless world war 1 essay topics official business, world war 1 essay topics, Jews could not leave, and non-Jews, including Germans, could not enter. Entry points were guarded by German soldiers. Because of extreme conditions and hunger, mortality in the ghetto was high. Inthe Germans movedghetto residents to Treblinka where they were gassed on arrival.
By April 19,when the Ghetto Uprising commenced, the population of the ghetto had dwindled to 60, individuals. In the following three weeks, virtually all died as the Germans fought and systematically destroyed the buildings in the ghetto, world war 1 essay topics.
The uprising by Poles began on August 1,when the Polish underground, the "Home Army", aware that the Soviet Army had reached the eastern bank of the Vistula, sought to liberate Warsaw much as the French resistance had liberated Paris a few weeks earlier. Joseph Stalin had his own group of Communist leaders for the new Poland and did not want the Home Army or its leaders based in London to control Warsaw.
So he halted the Soviet offensive and gave the Germans free rein to suppress it. During the ensuing 63 days,Poles of the Home Army surrendered to the Germans. After the Germans forced all the surviving population world war 1 essay topics leave the city, Hitler ordered that any buildings left standing be dynamited — 98 percent of the buildings in Warsaw were destroyed.
During the invasion of the Soviet Union in the early months of the war, rapid German advances almost captured the world war 1 essay topics of Moscow and Leningrad. The bulk of Soviet industry which could not be evacuated was either destroyed or lost due to German occupation. Agricultural production was interrupted, with grain crops left standing in the fields.
This caused hunger reminiscent of the early s. In one of the greatest feats of war logistics, factories were evacuated on an enormous scale, with 1, factories dismantled and shipped eastwards along four principal routes to the CaucasusCentral Asia world war 1 essay topics, the Uraland Siberia. The whole of the Soviet Union became dedicated to the war effort. The people of the Soviet Union were probably better prepared than any other nation involved in World War II to endure the material hardships of the war — primarily because they were so used to shortages and economic crisis in the past, especially during wartime—World War I had brought similar restrictions on food.
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Jan 26, · It is intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures. Although this part of the Internet History Sourcebooks Project began as a way to access texts that were already available on the Internet, it now The ' home front ' covers the activities of the civilians in a nation at war. World War II was a total war; homeland production became even more invaluable to both the Allied and Axis blogger.com on the home front during World War II was a significant part of the war effort for all participants and had a major impact on the outcome of the war Sep 07, · Nationalism was a prominent force in early 20th century Europe and a significant cause of World War I. Nationalism is an intense form of patriotism or loyalty to one’s country. Nationalists exaggerate the importance or virtues of their home country, placing
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